| |
ANNEX A
Table 1: Total Irrigated Area and Spate-irrigated Area for Number
of Countries
|
Country
|
Year
|
Total Irrigated Area (ha)
|
Spate-irrigated Area(ha)
|
Spate Irrigation as % of Total Irrigation
|
|
Algeria
|
1992
|
555,500
|
110,000
|
19.8
|
| |
1997/1987
|
560,000
|
70,000
|
12.5
|
|
Eritrea
|
1993
|
28,124
|
15,630
|
55.6
|
| |
1997/1995
|
28,000
|
14,000
|
50,0
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
1993
|
3,556,400
|
1,104,600
|
31.1
|
|
Libya
|
1997/1987
|
470,000
|
53,000
|
11.3
|
|
Mongolia
|
1993
|
84,300
|
27,000
|
32.0
|
|
Morocco
|
1989
|
1,258,200
|
165,000
|
13.1
|
|
Pakistan
|
1990
|
15,729,448
|
1,402,448
|
8.9
|
| |
1997/1987
|
17,580,000
|
1,450,000
|
8.2
|
|
Somalia
|
1984
|
200,000
|
150,000
|
75.0
|
| |
1997/1987
|
200,000
|
2,000
|
1.1
|
|
Sudan
|
1995
|
1,946,200
|
46,200
|
2.4
|
| |
1997/1987
|
1,946,000
|
280,000
|
14.4
|
|
Tunisia
|
1991
|
385,000
|
30,000
|
7.8
|
| |
1997/1987
|
380,000
|
10,000
|
2.6
|
|
Yemen
|
1994
|
481,520
|
98,320
|
20.4
|
| |
1976/77
|
238,000
|
120,000
|
50.4
|
| |
1990
|
436,500
|
101,000
|
23.1
|
| |
1997/1987
|
485,000
|
193,000
|
39.8
|
Source: FAO Aquastat; Hadera 2001; Kohler 1999
Table 2: List of Spate Irrigation Systems
|
Country
|
Name of Spate Irrigation System
|
Location
|
|
Pakistan
|
Chandia
|
Sibi District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Barag
|
Las Bela District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Marufzai
|
Loralai District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Nal Dat
|
Khuzdar District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Toiwar
|
Killa Saifullah
District, Balochistan
|
| |
Mouza Yo Bund
|
Las Bela District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Dudar
|
Musa Khel District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Sohar Khor
|
Musa Khel District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Sham
|
Musa Khel District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Jhalwani
|
Barkhan District,
Balochistan
|
| |
11 collective
bunds in Korakan River
|
Kharan District,
, Balochistan
|
| |
Jala Khan Dam
|
Kachhi District,
, Balochistan
|
| |
Sonwah Dam
|
Kachhi District,
Balochistan
|
| |
Pachhaad and
Damaan Plains
|
DG Khan District, Punjab
|
|
Yemen
|
Wadi Tuban
|
Lahej Governorate
|
| |
Wadi Zabid
|
Hodeidah Governorate
|
| |
Wadi Rima
|
Hodeidah Governorate
|
| |
Wadi Mawr
|
Hodeidah Governorate
|
| |
Wadi Al'Ain/Harib
|
Central Yemen
|
| |
Wadi Jirdan,
Wadi Erma, Wadi Dhuhur
|
Central-Northern
Area, Shabwah Governorate
|
| |
Wadi Mayfa'a,
Wadi Nisab, Wadi Beihan
|
Central Region,
Shabwah Governorate
|
|
Eritrea
|
Wadi Laba
|
Sheeb area, Eastern Lowlands
|
| |
Mai Ule
|
Sheeb area, Eastern Lowlands
|
| |
Wadi Labka
|
Sheeb area, Eastern Lowlands
|
|
Ethiopia
|
Arfaydelehayte
|
Midlands, Konso Special Wadera
|
| |
Yandafero
|
Lowlands, Konso Special Wadera
|
|
Tunisia
|
Nouael II Project/Wadi
El Fekka
|
Sidi Bouzid, Central Tunisia
|
Table 3: Cropping Patterns in Spate Irrigation Systems
|
Country
|
Scheme/Area
|
Spate-irrigated Crops
|
|
Eritrea
|
Sheeb
|
sorghum, maize, millet, sesame, groundnut, vegetables
|
|
Ethiopia
|
Konso: Midlands
|
sorghum, maize, teff, beans
|
| |
Konso: Lowlands
|
sorghum, maize, cotton, sunflower
|
|
Pakistan
|
DG Khan Division
|
wheat, gram, guar, pulses, sorghum, rapeseed, millet,
maize
|
| |
Korakan River
|
wheat, cumin, sorghum, pulses, melon
|
| |
Chandia
|
sorghum fodder, mung, wheat, oilseeds, coriander,
radish, melon, mustard
|
| |
Barag
|
sorghum, guar, sorghum fodder, oilseed, mung
|
| |
Marufzai
|
sorghum, pulses, wheat, melons, cumin, coriander
|
| |
Nal Dat
|
sorghum, guar fodder, pulses, wheat, oilseed
|
| |
Toiwar
|
wheat, barley, mash, maize
|
|
Tunisia
|
Nouael II Project
|
wheat, olive, almond
|
|
Yemen
|
Shabwah Governorate
|
sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame
|
| |
Wadi Tuban
|
cotton, fodder (sorghum, millet), sesame
|
| |
Wadi Zabid
|
sorghum, millet, fodder (sorghum, millet), cotton,
sesame
|
| |
Wadi Mawr
|
sorghum, millet, sesame, maize, cotton, melon
|
| |
Highlands
|
sorghum, wheat, lentils, peas, maize
|
| |
Tihama
|
sorghum, millet, maize, cotton, sesame, tomato, vegetables
|
| |
Southern coast
|
cotton, sorghum, millet, sesame, watermelon, groundnut
|
Table 4: Average Yields for Perennially, Regularly
and Irregularly Spate-Irrigated Area in Wadi Rima
|
Crop
|
Perennially
Spate- Irrigated Area
(t/ha)
|
Regularly
Spate-Irrigated Area
(t/ha)
|
Irregularly
Spate-Irrigated Area
(t/ha)
|
|
Maize
|
1.2 - 1.3
|
1.2
|
-
|
|
Sayf Sorghum:
- grain
- fodder
|
1.0
3.2
|
0.8 - 1.0
1.9 - 2.3
|
0.6
2.0
|
|
Sorghum:
- grain
- fodder
|
1.4
3.5
|
0.4 - 1.1
1.0 - 2.8
|
0.85
2.2
|
|
Sorghum ratoon:
- grain
- fodder
|
0.8
2.5
|
0.3 - 0.8
1.0 - 2.5
|
0.2
1.1
|
|
Cotton
|
0.85
|
0.35 - 0.85
|
0.35
|
|
Millet
|
-
|
0.5 - 1.0
|
0.5
|
|
Sesame
|
-
|
0.2 - 0.5
|
0.2
|
Source: MOD 1977a
References
Ahmad, S. (1998):
Land Tenure and Water Rights in Isolated Spate
Irrigation Systems in Balochistan, Pakistan; WRRI/ICARDA
Ahmad, S. (2000):
Indigenous Water Harvesting Systems in Pakistan;
WRRI-NARC, Islamabad
Al-Eryani, M. & Al-Amrani, M (1998)
Social and Organisational
Aspects of the O&M of Spate Irrigation Systems in Yemen,
Background Paper for PIM Seminar (Hudaidah, November 1998), World
Bank
Al-Garoo, A.S. (1987):
Historic Review of Spate Irrigation and
its Effect on Agricultural Development. In: Spate Irrigation,
Proceedings of the Sub-Regional Expert Consultation on Wadi Development
for Agriculture in Yemen (Aden, December 1987), FAO/UNDP
Al-Shaybani, S.R. (2003):
Overview of Non-Modernised Spate Irrigation
Systems in Yemen
Arcadis Euroconsult (2002a):
Water Management in Wadi Tuban
and Wadi Zabid, Working Paper 1; Irrigation Improvement Project,
Sana’a
Arcadis Euroconsult (2002b):
Water Right and Irrigation Management
in Wadi Tuban and Wadi Zabid, Internal Memo, Irrigation Improvement
Project, Sana’a
BRSP (19??):
Natural Resources Development Scheme under Pak-German
Self-Help Project 1984-1990
Camacho, R.F. (1987):
Traditional Spate Irrigation and Wadi
Development Schemes. In: Spate Irrigation, Proceedings of the
Sub-Regional Expert Consultation on Wadi Development for Agriculture
in Yemen (Aden, December 1987), FAO/UNDP
DFID (1999)
Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets
DHV Consulting Engineers (1979):
Wadi Rima Irrigation Development;
Feasibility Study, Volume 1 Main Report
Farm Africa (2003):
Spate Irrigation in Konso Special Wadera
Hadera, M. T. (2001):
Soil and Water Management in Spate Irrigation
Systems in Eritrea; Tropical Resource Management Papers 36, Wageningen
Hag Nur, A. & H. Abdi Mah (1987):
Spate Irrigation in Somalia.
In: Spate Irrigation, Proceedings of the Sub-Regional Expert
Consultation on Wadi Development for Agriculture in Yemen (Aden,
December 1987), FAO/UNDP
Halcrow (1993a):
Flood Irrigation in Balochistan, Internal Memo;
BMIADP, Quetta
Halcrow (1993b):
Chandia, Feasibility Study 1, Volume 1 – Main
Report; BMIADP, Quetta
Halcrow (1993c):
Barag, Feasibility Study 2, Volume 1 – Main
Report; BMIADP, Quetta
Halcrow (1993d):
Marufzai, Feasibility Study 3, Volume 1 – Main
Report; BMIADP, Quetta
Halcrow (1993e):
Nal Dat, Feasibility Study 4, Volume 1 – Main
Report; BMIADP, Quetta
Halcrow (1993f):
Mouza Yo Bund, Field Visit Report; BMIADP,
Quetta
Halcrow (1994):
Korakan Flood Irrigation Study, Internal Memo;
BMIADP, Quetta
Halcrow (1997):
Strategy on Farmer Participation and Formation
of Farmer Organisation; ELWDP, Asmara
Halcrow (1998):
Toiwar, Feasibility Report F-05; BCIAP, Quetta
IIP (2002):
Socio-Economic Household Baseline Survey and Focus
Group Discussions in Wadi Zabid and Wadi Tuban
Kahsaye, W. (2002):
The Cultural Ecology of Pastoralism in Eritrea – A
Geographical Inquiry
KIT (2002):
Economic Opportunities in Shabwah, Improving People’s
Livelihoods by Sustainable Economic Development; SBDP, Ataq
Kohler, S. (1999):
Institutionen in der Bewasserungs-Landwirtschaft
im Jemen, Jemen-Studies Band 13, Wiesbaden
Ministry of Overseas Development (MOD) (1997a)
Montane Plains
and Wadi Rima Project;
Land and Water Resources Survey,
Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Wadi
Rima, Volume 1
Ministry of Overseas Development(MOD) (1997b)
Montane Plains
and Wadi Rima Project; Land and Water Resources Survey,
Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Wadi
Rima, Volume 2
Moustafa, A.T.A., A.A. El-Meligy and M.AA. Allam (1987)
Spate
Irrigation in Egypt. In: Spate Irrigation, Proceedings of the
Sub-Regional
Expert Consultation on Wadi Development
for Agriculture in Yemen (Aden, December 1987), FAO/UNDP
Mu’Allem, Ab. S. (1987):
Crop Production under Spate Irrigation
in Coastal Areas of PDR Yemen. In: Spate Irrigation, Proceedings
of the Sub-Regional Expert Consultation on Wadi Development for
Agriculture in Yemen (Aden, December 1987), FAO/UNDP
Nawaz, K. (2002a):
Spate Irrigation Systems in Pakistan – An
Alternative to Present Crises (draft)
Nawaz, K. (2002b):
Traditional Flood Irrigation Systems in Pakistan
Nawaz, K. (2003):
Spate Irrigation in Dera Ghazi Khan (draft)
Scheitz, E.L. (1987):
Certain Aspects and Problems of Wadi Development.
In: Spate Irrigation, Proceedings of the Sub-Regional Expert
Consultation on Wadi Development for Agriculture in Yemen (Aden,
December 1987), FAO/UNDP
Shahin, F.A.R. (1990):
Wadi Mawr Project – Short Study
on Water Regulation and Distribution, draft report
Tihama Development Authority (1987)
Wadi Development for Agriculture
in Yemen Arab Republic. In: Spate Irrigation, Proceedings
of the Sub-Regional Expert Consultation on Wadi Development for
Agriculture in Yemen (Aden, December 1987), FAO/UNDP
Van Mazijk, R. and S. Sheer (1988)
Irrigatie in Tunesie, een
overheidsinterventie in een traditioneel irrigatiesysteem beschouwd
vanuit een interfaceperspectief; LUW; Wageningen
Van Steenbergen, F. (1997):
Institutional Change in Local Water
Resource Management: Cases from Balochistan; Netherlands Geographical
Studies, Utrecht
Van Steenbergen, F. (1998):
Organised Farmers; Spate Irrigation
in Balochistan
Varisco, D.M. (1983): Sayl and Ghayl:
The Ecology of Water Allocation
in Yemen
VBB Viak – NESPAK (1995):
Conservation and Development
of Land and Water Resources in Upper Kaha Hill Torrent Watershed – Watershed
Management Plan, Volume III – Socio-Economic Profile, Federal
Flood Commission of Ministry of Water and Power
Wilkinson, T.J (200?):
Agriculture and the Countryside.
World Bank (1999):
Preparation Study Report - Wadi Tuban Phase
I; Spate Irrigation Improvement Project
World Bank (2000):
Project Preparation Report, Annex G – Social
Assessment; Irrigation Improvement Project
Word Bank (2000)
Project Appraisal Document; Irrigation Improvement
Project
Zaqhloel, L. (1987):
Spate Irrigation in Morocco. In: Spate
Irrigation, Proceedings of the Sub-Regional Expert Consultation
on Wadi Development for Agriculture in Yemen (Aden, December
1987), FAO/UNDP
<< Read part 4 of
this article
Back to the top of this article >
|